How to Start a Business in UAQ Free Zone: Complete Guide 2025
How to Start a Business in UAQ Free Zone: Setup Process, License Types, Costs & Key Advantages Starting your UAQ Free Zones Business setup is a smart and easy decision. It is one of the best locations in the UAE to begin your company. You do not have to reside in the UAE to start a business here. The setup is fast, easy, and inexpensive. Many people, such as startups, freelancers, and investors, prefer UAQ Free Zone. It has full foreign ownership and no income tax. You are also able to send your profits back home without any inconvenience. UAQ Free Zone offers you plenty of license options and office space. Moreover, you can begin small and expand your business easily. With that said, with professional assistance, the establishment is even quicker. UAQ is ideal for people who seek a cheap and flexible business establishment. What is UAQ Free Zones Business Setup? UAQ Free Zones Business Setup refers to opening your business in the Umm Al Quwain Free Trade Zone. Moreover, the zone is among the best in the UAE, where you can start a new business. It is situated in the Emirate of Umm Al Quwain. In addition, UAQ Free Zones provide an easy and cost-effective method of starting a business. It is fast, easy, and inexpensive. Furthermore, you don’t necessarily need to reside in the UAE to start your company here. Most startups, freelancers, and international investors prefer UAQ Free Zones due to their flexibility and easy management. This free zone accommodates various companies if you plan a small service or trading firm. Benefits Offered by UAQ Free Trade Zone UAQ Free Trade Zone is a wonderful location to establish your business. It is cost-effective, easy, and quick. Additionally, it provides many helpful advantages for startups. Thus, most investors, freelancers, and small businesses use this Free Zone to develop. 1. 100% Foreign Ownership You can own your company 100% in UAQ. No sponsor is needed from the local side, so you have total ownership of your business. 2. Full Repatriation of Profits and Capital You can return your profits and capital to your home country whenever possible. Money transfers are also unlimited. 3. No Corporate or Personal Income Taxes You do not pay corporate or personal income taxes. Thus, your company retains more profit and remains financially stable. 4. Low-Cost Licenses and Reasonable Office Space UAQ provides affordable licenses and office spaces, which minimize overhead and make it easier for startups and small businesses to operate. 5. Quick Registration and Setup Process Registration is easy and fast. The majority of businesses can commence within just a couple of days. As such, you get to save time and begin making money earlier. 6. Simple Visa Services Applying for investor and employee visas is easy. The process is straightforward and does not take a lot of time. 7. Suitable Location UAQ is near airports and ports, making it ideal for trade and logistics companies that require easy access to transport. Therefore, these advantages make UAQ one of the UAE’s top Free Zone business Setup hubs. It encourages startups and small enterprises seeking low-risk and inexpensive entry into the UAE market. Licenses Permitted in UAQ Free Trade Zone When preparing a UAQ Free Zones Business Setup, you have a variety of license types to choose from. Each license permits you to conduct certain business activities: Commercial License: For trading, importation, and exportation of goods. General Trading License: For trading multiple unrelated items. Consultancy License: For legal, HR, IT, and marketing services. Freelance Permit: For independent workers or freelance professionals. Industrial License: For industrial or manufacturing activity. Service License: For organizations that provide particular services. Each license costs differently. Pick the one according to your business activity. How to Set Up Your Business in UAQ FTZ: A Step-by-Step Guide Starting your business in the UAQ Free Trade Zone is easy and quick. First, read these steps carefully. Then, you can roll out smoothly. The process is cheap, flexible, and perfect for new firms. Step 1: Select Your Business Activity First, determine your business activity. Then, verify whether it is permitted in UAQ FTZ. Selecting the correct activity also prevents delay and setup problems. Step 2: Choose a License Type Then, choose the type of license according to your activity. For instance, select commercial, service, or industrial. It will keep your business in operation legally and appropriately. Step 3: Select a Company Structure You have the options of FZE, FZC, or branch establishment. Your selection is also based on ownership. Consequently, you need to decide whether it’s single or multiple partners. Step 4: Select Your Office Space Next, select your office type. UAQ provides flexi-desks, shared offices, and warehouses so you can find a space to suit your budget and business scale. Step 5: Submit Your Documents Get the needed documents, such as a passport copy and application form. Then, submit your documents to the Free Zone authority for checking and approval. Step 6: Make the Payment After your documents are prepared, pay the charges. It involves the license and office rent. Therefore, ensure you make payments to proceed smoothly. Step 7: Obtain Your License Now, wait for your trade license. Normally, it will take a few days. Then, you can formally begin your business and start operations. Step 8: Apply for Visas (Optional) Lastly, if necessary, obtain visas. It involves your and the staff’s visas. In addition, the UAQ FTZ simplifies and accelerates the visa process. If everything is in order, this setup takes a couple of days. The process gets even more convenient with the assistance of business setup consultants in Dubai. Types of Business Activities Permitted in UAQ Free Zone UAQ Free Zones Business Setup facilitates different activities. Some of the best categories are: Trading: Import/export, general trading Services: Legal, finance, IT, education, consultancy Freelancing: Media, design, tech, and writing Manufacturing: Light and heavy industrial E-commerce: Online retail business Logistics: Warehousing and transport service Verify with the UAQ Free
kiosk license in Dubai Guide: Start Your Small Business Today
Dubai Kiosk License for Small Business Owners: Everything You Need to Know Dubai is a land of opportunity, where even the smallest dream can take root, such as a kiosk in a bustling mall. For aspiring small business owners, a kiosk license in Dubai is a smart and cost-effective way to enter the market. It’s a budget-friendly alternative to a full-fledged shop, yet it puts you in front of a potential customer base of hundreds, if not thousands, daily. In this straightforward guide, we’ll explain everything you need to know about obtaining a kiosk license in Dubai. It is specifically tailored for small business owners like yourself. We’ve kept it simple and easy to understand so you can confidently approach the process. What is a Kiosk License? A kiosk license is a trade license that allows you to operate a small retail outlet, such as a cart, stall, or booth, in a crowded location like malls, metro stations, or tourist areas. The Dubai Department of Economic Development (DED) issues the kiosk license. This license covers a range of retail activities, from selling snacks and drinks to offering mobile accessories and handmade gifts. So, if you’ve ever seen someone selling popcorn on sale in a mall or smoothies at the beach, they likely have a kiosk license in Dubai. About Kiosk License in Dubai Obtaining a kiosk license in Dubai is not merely a technicality. It’s your official key to conducting business in one of the most lucrative retail spaces on the planet. Kiosks are so well-liked because: They’re cheap to begin with. They’re space-friendly. They generate huge foot traffic in malls and other public spaces. Whether you are in a Dubai free zone license or have a mainland business setup Dubai, a kiosk can be an intelligent choice. Why Set up a Kiosk in Dubai? Going small is usually an intelligent choice. That’s why most entrepreneurs opt for kiosks. To begin with, they are less expensive. Besides that, they are also flexible, conspicuous, and simple to operate. Additionally, you can pilot your business concept without huge risks. 1. Low startup cost You don’t require a big budget. Kiosk setup expenses are less than full stores, so kiosks are ideal for startups and first-time entrepreneurs. 2. High visibility Kiosks are positioned in high-traffic areas like malls, so more individuals notice your products. This results in greater exposure and increased opportunities to make sales daily. 3. Easy to manage Because kiosks are compact, you require fewer employees. Inventory management is simpler, resulting in less stress and easier day-to-day operations. 4. Flexible lease terms You don’t have kiosks; you’re not tied down to tracks. You have the flexibility to choose. So, if circumstances alter, you can easily adjust or discontinue at any time. 5. Perfect for testing ideas Want to test a new product? Then a kiosk is perfect. It allows you to pilot your concept before investing in a big store setup. A kiosk is a good option to begin a small business in Dubai without digging a hole in your pocket. Different Types of Kiosks in Dubai Dubai is brimming with business opportunities, which is why kiosks are so in demand. They are compact but lucrative, and many varieties suit this market. From snacks to souvenirs, there’s something for every customer and entrepreneur. 1. Coffee Kiosk Everybody craves quick coffee, so compact coffee kiosks in offices or malls lure busy individuals who need a quick caffeine dose. 2. Popcorn Kiosk Popcorn is never out of fashion. It’s a necessity in malls and cinemas, inexpensive, and easy to make. 3. Perfume Kiosk Dubai is famous for perfumes. A perfume kiosk offering Arabic or French perfumes can draw locals and tourists who adore perfumes. 4. Jewellery Kiosk Trendy or handmade jewelry sells. A compact kiosk lets you showcase accessories nicely, so fashion enthusiasts frequently stop and purchase. 5. Snack Kiosk Chips, nuts, and local snacks sell fast, and people of all ages love snacks. Therefore, this is a great kiosk idea. 6. Ice Cream Kiosk Dubai’s hot weather boosts ice cream sales. So, cold treats like gelato and soft serve are always a hit in public spaces. 7. Souvenir Kiosk Tourists love souvenirs. Small gifts like magnets or mugs are easy to sell and fit in kiosks. 8. Electronics Kiosk Phone cables, chargers, and gadgets are daily essentials. Moreover, electronics kiosks at malls or metros appeal to technology users on the move. These can succeed with a suitable location and the appropriate trade license in Dubai. Best License to Operate Kiosk in Mall Dubai DED A DED license Dubai is ideal for running a kiosk in a mall. The DED is the central government authority that approves and regulates companies within the Dubai mainland. License to run a kiosk in the mall in Dubai DED entails: Approval by the mall management Choosing business activities (such as food, electronics, or clothing) Lease agreement for the kiosk area It is essential to set up a business in Dubai, particularly if your kiosk is inside a busy shopping mall. Steps to Get a Kiosk License in Dubai Obtaining a kiosk license in Dubai requires a couple of significant steps: Step 1: Select Your Mall Location Select a mall with quality foot traffic that corresponds to your product. A food kiosk suits family malls, and a tech kiosk suits business centers. Step 2: Obtain Mall Approval Mall management must approve your product. They will also provide you with the lease and available space. Step 3: Choose a Business Name Your company name must adhere to UAE regulations. Steer clear of religious or offensive words. Step 4: Apply for a DED License The DED license in Dubai grants you the legal right to conduct business on the mainland. Step 5: File All Documents You’ll require: Copy of passport Emirates ID Trade name certificate Mall lease or NOC Application form Step 6: Have Your License Issued After approval, you will have your kiosk license in Dubai within a
PRO Services in Sharjah 2025: Complete Guide
Complete Guide to PRO Services in Sharjah Are you planning to set up a business in the UAE? You have come to the right place. The current guide provides comprehensive information on PRO services in Sharjah for 2025. A perfect read for every star-navigating enthusiast, SME founder, or corporate giant, this article is packed with valuable knowledge. Sharjah is one of the premier places in the UAE for conducting business, but navigating paperwork, government approvals, and legal formalities can be challenging. That is where PRO services come in to save the day. What Are PRO Services? PRO means Public Relations Officer. It’s not half-true; this is not about media and PR. In the UAE, a PRO is a person who helps businesses deal with all government-related documents and tasks. Think of them as your personal admin superheroes. They cover: Visa appliensureon Trade license processing Labour approvals Immigration services Approvals from various government departments So, PRO services in Sharjah ensure everything is above board, legal, compliant, and worry-free for you. Why Choose Sharjah for PRO Services in 2025? In 2025, Sharjah is fast becoming a premium business destination. It has excellent value for money, with its competitive advantages and growing opportunities. Here are some reasons why you should think about Sharan Jah when considering PRO services: 1. Affordable seeking Cosminimiseed to Dubai Business establishment costs are significantly lower in Sharjah than in Dubai, making it an attractive option for startups and small companies seeking to minimise expenses. 2. Business Regulation Simplifications Business regulations in Sharjah are less complicated than those in other emirates. This makes obtaining licenses and approvals very convenient and speeds up the setup process. 3. Friendly Government Support for Business The Government of Sharjah offers extremely supportive facilities for businesses. Numerous incentives and initiatives create a conducive environment for growth and success. 4. Market Access to the Growing Northern Emirates Market Sharjah provides an expanding market in the Northern Emirates from which you can access, opening exciting new avenues for businesses and potential new customers. Choosing low PRO services in Sharjah saves money, time, and stress. The city accommodates many businesses, from newcomers to established ones. Types of PRO Services in Sharjah No business is similar, so there isn’t a one-size-fits-all PRO service. The various services are tailored to meet an individual or entity’s specific business type and requirements. From the smallest startups to independent contractors and the largest corporations, all have a solution tailored to their needs. Here you are, the core services under PRO in Sharjah: 1. Corporate PRO Services Corporate PRO services manage visas, employee records, and company renewals. They ensure compliance with government regulations and streamline business operations. 2. Startup PRO Services Startup PRO services are just the right fit for owners of newly started businesses. They handle registration, licensing, and government paperwork, easing the process ahead. 3. Freelancer PRO Services Freelancer PRO services cater to individuals. They support visa applications, document processing, and legal requirements to ensure smooth operation. 4. Government Liaison Services Government liaison services assist businesses in navigating various government departments to obtain ministerial approvals, permits, and other essential legal requirements. 5. One-time Services One-time services include visa processing or document clearance. These refer to short-term, specific assignments well-suited for addressing single requirements without a long-term commitment. Services Offered by PRO Services in Sharjah Let us review what you get when you hire a PRO services firm in the UAE: 1. Effortless Business Setup Setting up a business is a challenging task. With PRO services in Sharjah, you need not worry. They shall help: Choosing the right business structure Filling in the necessary forms Trade name registration Approval at the initial stage 2. Swift Visa Processing Visa applications? For all your needs, whether for you or your staff, PROS look after the following: Employment visas Partner visas Investor visas Family visas And they know how to do so fast. 3. Document Hassle-Free Do you need to get the papers stamped or cleared? These services include: Attestation Translation Notarisation MOFA and embassy approvals 4. Government Connections Government offices can be daunting. PROS know the right desks, the right people, the right doors. They assist you in: Obtaining approvals from DED, municipality, and immigration Renewing licenses Filing the necessary reports 5. Ongoing Regulatory Support The laws change, and you do not want to be caught off guard. The PRO services help. Keep your records up to date. Notify you of any changes in regulations Ensure you never miss a renewal 6. Time and Cost Saving Time is money. Using low PRO services in Sharjah means: You do not have to waste hours standing in queues Avoid making mistakes that could cost you a fine Makes sure that everything is done on time and the first time 7. Expert Guidance A business setup experts in Dubai and Sharjah is familiar with the local landscape. A-Z assistance. 8. Enhanced Compliance Compliance is not an option. The PROS will ensure that your company is compliant with: Labour laws Immigration regulations Health and safety requirements Reciprocated Trustworthiness Hiring a PRO services company in UAE tells a story that establishes goodwill for your brand. It demonstrates to authorities, partners, and other audiences that you mean business and act professionally. Uses of PRO Services in Sharjah PRO is no longer a single entity. They are your Swiss Army knife. This is how they help you: 1. Business Setup Aid They handle your complete business setup in Dubai or Sharjah with the following: Trade license application Advice on the legal structure Office space coordination 2. Visa and Immigration Assistance From submissions of visa requests to straight following up with immigration departments, PROS therefore hold: Entry Visas. Medical Tests, Typing of Emirates ID. Processing of Labour Card. 3. Clearance and Attestation of Documents Documents need clearance from various ministries. The PRO assists you in: Document Translation and Notarization Get Stamps from the Embassy and Ministries 4. Collaboration with Government If you need to liaise with government officials, our PROS will:
How to Open a Bank Account in Abu Dhabi in 2025: A Step-by-Step Guide for Individuals, Freelancers, and Businesses
How to Open a Bank Account in Abu Dhabi: A Complete Guide for Individuals, Freelancers, and Businesses in 2025 Opening a bank account in Abu Dhabi in 2025 is easier than ever, but only if you know the steps, the rules, and the right options for your situation. Whether you’re an individual, freelancer, or business owner – whatever you are, this guide is specially made for you. Everything is explained in lucid language. Think of it as a conversation with an old buddy who has already done it. No boring technical jargon and no confusing bank talk. Quick start. Understanding a Bank Account in Abu Dhabi A bank account keeps money safe and allows one to conduct various functions, such as receiving one’s salary, paying bills, shopping online, or sending money to family back home. Anyone living or working in Abu Dhabi must also have a banking account with a financial institution in the Emirates. Different Types of Bank Accounts Savings Account: Intended for saving with low-interest earnings. Current Account: This is more commonly used daily, and a checkbook should be acquired. Business Account: Designed for business purposes, where income and expenses can be managed. Fixed Deposit Accounts: You can lock away your money for months or years and earn additional interest. Most people have the misconception that you need a substantial amount of money to open bank account in Abu Dhabi. However, that’s not always the case, especially with the emergence of digital banks and freelancer-friendly options in 2025. Banking Options in Abu Dhabi Most banks have headquarters in Abu Dhabi, but others fall under the international umbrella. Each has unique features. Best Banks in Abu Dhabi: Emirates NBD: Excellent online instruments and multicurrency facility. Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank (ADCB) is an excellent bank for expatriates and salaried individuals. First, Abu Dhabi Bank (FAB) is the largest bank in Abu Dhabi, offering a range of excellent business account options. Mashreq: Highly praised for speedy digital services. Dubai Islamic Bank: An ideal choice for individuals seeking Islamic banking services. Digital banking has experienced significant growth in recent years. You can now open a new bank account online with banks such as: Wio Business Mashreq NeoBiz RAK BANK Digital YAP, Zand, XPence – Companies that are fintech banks for freelancers and startup businesses. As a result, these new banks have made opening an account in Abu Dhabi significantly faster and easier. Benefits of Trade License in Abu Dhabi Obtaining a trade license is crucial if you plan to start a business. It helps you: Open a business bank account Get paid legally Apply for credit cards and loans Register for VAT if needed A trade license proves you are running a legal business in the UAE. Without it, your bank may flag your account for closure due to suspicion of fraudulent activity or possible dishonest transactions on your account. Business setup experts in Dubai can easily help you obtain the correct license. They ensure that your business activities align with the bank’s expectations so you avoid any issues later on. Eligibility Criteria for Opening a Bank Account in UAE Before opening a new bank account, check your eligibility. Most banks ask for: A valid passport UAE residence visa Emirates ID Banks are prepared to open savings accounts for non-residents, though there might be exceptions about the: Evidence of income Reference letters from other banks Higher deposits as per the discretion of the banks. Freelancers will have to show proof of: Freelance license Residential address Recent invoices or bank statements Requirements for Opening a Bank Account For Willing Non-residents For someone living and working in Abu Dhabi, they would usually require: A passport copy with the visa page Emirates ID The employee’s salary certificate Tenancy contract or utility bill (proof of address) Bank statements (if demanded) Banks also require a No Objection Certificate to be provided by their company. For Corporate Accounts Want to open new bank account? Required Documents: Trade License (commercial, freelance, or professional) Company MOA (Memorandum of Agreement) Passport copies of all shareholders Office lease or Ejari Description of business activity Banks verify low-risk businesses. Hence, many entrepreneurial spirits seek the services of business setup consultants in Dubai to open a bank account smoothly. How to Open a Bank Account in Abu Dhabi: Step-by-Step Guide Opening a bank account in Abu Dhabi is simple if you follow the steps. First, familiarize yourself with the required items, gather the necessary documents, apply, and complete the formalities. Then, obtain all the account details and start using them. Obtaining the correct papers and selecting a reputable bank will expedite the process and simplify things. Step 1: Choose the Right Bank Start with your requirements. Do you need easy mobile or online banking access, or are you looking for competitive transaction charges? It may also be wise to research international transfer options; most importantly, check if the bank has branches there. Select one that suits your lifestyle and income level. Step 2: Prepare Your Documents Now, what you have to do is make up your papers. You will need a passport, a visa, an Emirates ID, and proof of address. Additionally, freelancers may be required to obtain a trade license. Also, keep copies ready. Ensure that all documents are legible, valid, and unexpired. This step saves time later. Step 3: Apply (Online or In-Person) Some banks offer online applications through their mobile app or website. Still, some have to be completed directly at the bank. Either way, fill in everything accurately and post or upload the relevant documents. At this point, wait for feedback from the bank staff. Step 4: KYC Completion After that, the procedure will be obtained, which will help the bank verify the customer’s identity. This is the process of KYC: Know Your Customer. They will also ask questions about your employment or business. In addition, you may need to visit the branch. The step is very critical. Step 5: Get Your Account Details If your application is accepted,
Complete Guide to PRO Services in Abu Dhabi (2025): Visas, Licensing, and Business Setup Made Simple
Complete Guide to PRO Services in Abu Dhabi: Visas, Licensing, and Government Approvals for Businesses (2025) Opening a business in Abu Dhabi sounds exhilarating. But once you get there, you are met with all the paperwork, legal frameworks, and the mountain to climb. Enter PRO Services in Abu Dhabi. They streamline the entire process, significantly speeding it up and reducing stress. This guide will cover everything you need to know about PRO services. We will keep it simple, with easy-to-grasp concepts and real value. What are the PRO Services in Abu Dhabi? PRO services in Abu Dhabi: “Public Relations Officer” support. And here, there is no marketing! It mainly concerns the engagement of government paperwork. PROs handle the following: Visa application Labor approvals Trade license work Immigration paperwork Document clearance and attestation Imagine having a smart guide who knows every government department and law concerning Abu Dhabi. That is your PRO. Whether you open a coffee shop, launch a tech startup, or expand your company, PRO Services ensures that you always comply with UAE law. What types of businesses can benefit from PRO services? Starting a business in Abu Dhabi is thrilling; however, many hidden steps can easily slow you down. PRO services are important: they save time, help avoid errors, and ensure success. Furthermore, they assist companies of all sizes. In short, every new or growing company deserves professional support. 1. Startups Startups greatly benefit from PRO services. They expedite business registration and visa approvals, handling all necessary paperwork so the company can run fast. 2. Small and Medium Enterprises SMEs save a lot of costs thanks to PRO services. They eliminate unnecessary expenditures and delays. They also streamline day-to-day operations, allowing you to pursue the growth path of your business. 3. Large Companies Large companies also require professional support. However, it becomes complicated when hundreds of employee visas are in circulation. That is exactly where PRO services shall come to your assistance. They will assist in setting up all necessary legal documentation and facilitate fast renewals. 4. Foreign Investors Foreign investors need special support. PRO services help them understand the local laws, and people help them with licensing and immigration processes. Thus, investors avoid incurring substantial losses due to avoidable mistakes and penalties. 5. Freelancers PRO also works for freelancers. The services facilitate obtaining personal visas. Also, the PROs assist with licenses for trade. In this way, freelancers can spend more time working on things that matter to their customers. Professional services are indispensable when considering business setups in Dubai or Abu Dhabi. Key PRO Services in UAE for New Businesses This section outlines the major services you will benefit from while engaging PROs. 1. Business Setup Support in Abu Dhabi When starting a business, numerous forms, approvals, and legal steps must be considered. To expedite the company registration process, PRO services offer comprehensive business setup support (DED, free zones), including assistance with the Department of Economic Development and free zone registration. They help you with: Choosing the right legal entity for your business: First, you must select the best legal form of business. This choice affects how taxes, liabilities, and operations are handled. Reservation and Registration of Your Trade Name: You must reserve your trade name. It must conform to the regulations in the UAE and be tailored to your business’s specific needs. Filing documents: After this, a business plan, a copy of a passport, and a lease agreement must be submitted. Be sure everything is in order. Obtaining a Business License: Lastly, obtain the business license. This is the legal permission to operate and start business activities. Many savvy entrepreneurs hire business setup consultants in Dubai, who provide services for establishing their businesses in the region, including Dubai and Abu Dhabi. 2. Visa Processing (MOHRE, ICA): MOHRE and ICA Visa procedures change frequently. Missing a small step may lead to delays or fines. PRO services process visa applications on your behalf (MOHRE, ICA). These include: Employment visas: Importantly, employment visas enable companies to employ foreigners, requiring sponsors and documents for processing. Investor visas: These visas are designed for non-residents who wish to establish a business. The applicant must submit proof of investment. Partner visas: Partner visas are also provided to business associates. They depend on ownership and legal partnerships. Family sponsorship: It enables residents to sponsor their family members to reside in the UAE. Documentation and eligibility must comply. They are presented before those platforms with the help of MOHRE (Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation) and ICA (Federal Authority for Identity and Citizenship). 3. Labor Contracts & Immigration Services Because of staffing, PRO services keep your labor contracts and immigration services organized. To include: Preparation of employment contracts Obtaining labour cards Registration of Emirates ID Immigration clearance 4. Document Attestation & Clearance Certain documents must be legally attested before being used in Dubai; PROs take care of that and clearances for you, so you don’t have to run from one office to another. Common documents they handle include: Certificates of education Marriage certificates Birth certificates Power of attorney It is important to have an attestation if you intend to apply for a visa or a company license. 5. Trade License Renewal and Amendment Your trade license does not last forever. It must be renewed annually and, in rare cases, amended. PROs smoothly carry out these trade license renewals and amendments. They ensure you: Renew in time to avoid fines Update business activities to accommodate further expansion Easily amend a change of address or owner transfer If you are considering business setup consultants in Dubai or Abu Dhabi, choose those that provide ongoing PRO support, not just setup-related services. 6. Government Liaison and Approvals Through PRO services, you can connect your business with government offices. Their government liaison and service approvals will save you from headaches due to the following; Who to get in touch with Which documents to carry How to solve issues pretty fast Thus, you evade the confusion, long queues, and common
How to Get a Trade License in Abu Dhabi Complete Guide for 2025
How to Get a Trade Licence in Abu Dhabi in 2025 Starting a business in Abu Dhabi is an exciting adventure! Before all that, you will need one important license: a Trade Licence in Abu Dhabi. No business can work legally without it. First, it is the official permission to start your activities. Different companies require different types of trade licenses. After that, you see the right process to get your license. Select your activity and submit all other necessary documents and fees payable. The cost can vary depending on the type of business and location. Renewal is also very significant for your business to remain active every year. Finally, we will provide practical advice to make everything easily viable. By applying this information correctly, a Trade Licence can be obtained swiftly in Abu Dhabi. Understanding Trade Licence in Abu Dhabi The Trade Licence in Abu Dhabi is an official license to conduct any business in the emirate. It’s like a passport for your business. Without a trade license, it cannot buy, sell, move goods, or provide services. This license must be obtained before opening a restaurant, starting a tech company, or selling handmade crafts. It is so important because it must inform the Government of the following things: The type of business being conducted The area of operation The person responsible Fun fact: Even freelancers in Abu Dhabi need trade licenses. Types of Trade License in Abu Dhabi There is not just one type of Trade Licence in Abu Dhabi, but many. Every kind of trade licence caters to a specific business. Let’s check which one fits your business idea best: 1. Professional License Are you planning to provide accounting, design, or consulting services? Then, you would need a Professional License. Businesses would fall into this category since their products are based on your skills and knowledge. For example, a freelance photographer or an architect will need this license. 2. Industrial License If you want to manufacture furniture, clothing, or machinery, you will need an Industrial License, which authorizes manufacturing and production activities. Example: running a small bakery that produces bread in bulk. 3. Agriculture License Do you love farming or animals? This license is intended for businesses involved in agriculture, including those that grow crops, breed animals, or operate fisheries. Example: A non-organic farm selling vegetables at the market. 4. E-Commerce License Do you want to sell online? An E-Commerce License is your key to operating a business through websites, social media, and apps. Example: Selling handmade jewellery on Instagram. 5. Craftsmanship License Are you skilled with your hands? The Craftsmanship License is for carpentry, electrical work, and plumbing businesses. Example: A company is installing the kitchen cabinets. 6. Tourism License Do you plan to establish a hotel, travel agency, or restaurant? You must obtain a Tourism License, which the Abu Dhabi Tourism and Culture Authority issues. Example: Setting up a desert safari tour business. 7. General Trading License Want to trade for multiple products, not just one? Then, go for a General Trading License. This license allows you to sell various goods from different sectors. Example: An online shop dealing in electronics, clothes, and toys. How to Get Trade License in Abu Dhabi: Step-by-Step Guide Starting a business in Abu Dhabi can seem overwhelming; however, once you understand all the steps, you can work through them efficiently and confidently. This simple guide will show you how to attain your Trade Licence in Abu Dhabi. Here it is, from one step to the next, to get you all set for business. Step 1. Determine your business activity The first thing to nail is what your business is going to do. Then, verify whether the activity complies with Abu Dhabi law. After that, ensure that your selected activity aligns with your business goals. This decision marks the beginning of your licensing process. Step 2. Decide on your legal status Next, consider how to categorize the business. Think of an LLC, sole proprietorship, or partnership. Also, assume ownership, liability, and plans. Your structure will affect the paperwork and costs. Step 3. Reserve your trade name After the structure is set, trade names must be processed. Choose a unique name that is simple enough to remember. Also, avoid names that flow into one another, are similar to existing names, or that may attract a second guess. Approval from DED is mandatory. Step 4. Obtain initial approval You can apply for initial approval from the Department of Economic Development (DED). In layperson’s terms, it is permission to continue building the business. Furthermore, this ensures that your activity and structure conform to government regulations. Step 5. Draw up some legal papers Once initial approval is granted, the next step is to prepare all necessary legal documents. Most importantly, this includes the Memorandum of Association (MOA). Make sure that the MOA is duly notarized. These documents outline your business partners and their respective responsibilities. Step 6. Find an office Then, a place had to be found for an office or commercial space. A valid lease agreement is mandatory here. Even a small business needs to have a registered address. Additionally, the location must meet the needs and budget of your business. Step 7. Submit the documents and pay the fees After securing the office, gather all documents and submit them to DED for final approval. License fees should also be paid. Paying on time helps avoid unnecessary delays in processing the issuance of the business license. Step 8. Get your trade license Finally, your Trade Licence will be issued to you in Abu Dhabi upon successfully validating everything. Now, you can operate legally! May your business journey flourish and your dreams come true. Paperwork Requirements for Trade Licenses in Abu Dhabi Here are a few documents you will be required to collect for the Business License Application in Abu Dhabi: The passport copies of all owners/shareholders Emirates IDS (for residents) Copies of residence visas Initial approval certificate Memorandum of Association (MOA) Trade name
How to Write a Resignation Letter in UAE
Guide to Writing a Resignation Letter in the UAE (With Samples) If you have ever needed to write a resignation letter in the UAE, you know it means more than just saying, ‘I quit.’ Resignation in the UAE is a formal procedure governed by certain laws and workplace etiquette. Whether you are resigning for personal reasons, to secure a better salary, or to pursue a new career, writing your letter of resignation effectively is essential. Let us guide you through everything you need to know about writing a professional resignation letter in UAE step by step. We will also include UAE resignation letter samples and tips for a good exit route. What is a Resignation Letter in UAE? In the UAE, a resignation letter is a formal document that an employee submits to their employer, stating their intention to leave the job. The letter is an official record of your decision and will initiate the notice period. This letter is important because: It is by the UAE labour law. It creates a paper trail. It allows your employer to initiate payment of dues, cancel your visa, and provide end-of-service benefits. UAE Labour Laws Related to Resignations The definitions of the resignation process are contained in the federal laws and decrees of the UAE. This process is very solemn: 1. Notice Period in UAE 30 days for most jobs 90 days on a higher level Probation can range in notice days depending on the reason for leaving: 14 days if leaving the UAE 30 days if remaining within the UAE 2. Final Settlement Constitutes Pending Salary Gratuity after 1 year of service Leave Payments unused Return ticket- if stated in the contract 3. Any Legal Risk if the Notice Period was not Travelled A penalty may be imposed. Your employer will report you as absconding. Always refer to your contract to avoid all legal clauses. Key Components of a Resignation Letter in the UAE In the UAE, writing a professional resignation letter is very important. It helps to ensure a smooth transition while maintaining positive relations with the employer. The letter should be short and straightforward. Here are the main elements to be incorporated: Submission Date: Specify the Date on which you submit the resignation letter. Your Details (Name, Job Title): Please provide your full name and current job title to avoid confusion. Manager’s Name and Job Title: The letter should be addressed to one’s manager, including their name and title. Resignation Statement: Clearly state your intention to resign from your present position in this section. Notice and Last working day: Indicate the notice period and the exact Date of the Last working day. Thank-You Note: Express gratitude to the employer for the opportunities and experiences gained during your service. Offer to Assist in the Handover Process: To ensure a seamless transition, assist with the smooth handover. Signature: To make the letter look formal and professional, conclude it with a signature. How to Write Resignation Letter in UAE Suppose you plan to resign from your job in the UAE after so many years of dedication. In that case, writing a professional resignation letter is one of the many things you must do before resigning. An excellent resignation letter can help you leave the company with a very good impression on the people working there. Here is a simple format for you to follow- Greetings: Start the letter with a very nice greeting, addressing your manager with the name: “Dear [Manager’s Name],” Opening Line: Specifically state your intention: “I am writing to formally resign from my position as [Job Title] at [Company Name], effective [Date].” Middle part: In this part, refer to the official notice period of one month and appreciate all the opportunities you had. Offer to Help with the Handover: Immediately offer to help during the handover process. For example, “I am happy to assist with the transition in any way possible.” Closing: In the last part of your letter, thank your employer again. Write: “Thank you again. I wish [Company Name] continued success in the future.” Sign: The final touch to show respect is a formal sign-off, such as “Best regards, [Your Name].” How to Submit Your Resignation Letter in the UAE Follow this simple process: Talk to your manager first-respectfully. Submit your resignation letter, printed and signed. And email a copy of it for documentation. Get a written acknowledgement. Settling the dues with HR. Return the property of the company. Your employer will cancel the work visa. This is to ensure that the whole process becomes legal and smooth. Resign Letter Format in UAE Here is a basic resignation letter format in the UAE: [Your Name] [Your Address] [Phone Number] [Email Address] [Date] [Manager’s Name] [Company Name] [Company Address] Subject: Resignation Letter Dear [Manager’s Name], I am resigning from my role as [Job Title] at [Company Name], effective [Last Working Day]. I am serving my notice period as per the terms of my contract. Thank you for the learning opportunities and support. I will help with a smooth handover. Sincerely, [Your Name] Different Scenarios for Resignation Letters in the UAE There are different circumstances in which an employee might leave their job. Hence, resignation letters in the UAE vary according to the reasons behind quitting. These reasons may be personal, professional, or health-related. In the following few lines, you can learn about the scenarios of writing resignation letters. Career Growth Opportunity: I have been presented with another opportunity closely aligned with my long-term career goals. Personal reasons: I cannot continue my current role due to personal commitments. Health Related: I would like to resign immediately due to health reasons. Outside the UAE: I am relocating and cannot continue working here. Toxic Environment: I have decided to resign due to the bad work environment of the company. Legal Services Related to Resignation Letters in the UAE You can get advice from a lawyer on matters like: Breaking contracts Non-payment of salaries Ban from work Employer declines to process
How to Select the Right DED License Activity for Your UAE Business
How to Select the Right DED Activity for Your UAE Business License Getting set up in the UAE is thrilling and anxiety-ridden. However, one of the most vital steps is picking the right activity for the DED license. It sounds trivial, yet that choice determines how the business will sustain itself, the services or products it will offer, and most of all, the legal circumscription it must comply with. Therefore, having this simplified and clarified, you can confidently choose what is right for your business. What is DED License in Dubai? A DED license is a legal approval that allows businesses to operate on the Dubai mainland. The Department of Economic Development (DED) is the government body responsible for issuing licenses that permit individuals to establish companies in Dubai. As a result, it regulates business affairs, registration, and licensing. There are various DED license types, each corresponding to distinct business categories. Suppose you want to open a shop, offer professional services like consulting, or engage in small-scale production. In that case, you must apply in good time for the right license that corresponds to the activity you wish to undertake. The DED license grants you access to the UAE’s local markets, allowing you to establish business contacts and collaborate with government clients. Hence, this is often referred to as a DED trade license. Types of DED Business Licenses in the UAE There are different licenses under DED for various kinds of work. Here is an outline of the main types: 1. Commercial License It deals primarily with purchasing goods for resale. You would want it for trading, importing, exporting, or running a retail shop. 2. Professional License This suits individuals or organizations offering Consultancy, IT, education, design, or marketing services. 3. Industrial License A license is provided to industries or companies where manufacturing or production occurs, such as a factory, workshop, or assembly line. 4. Tourism License For businesses, involving tourists involves collaboration with travel and tourism agencies or tour operators. Each license stipulates its educational development DED license activities, and consequently, there is a specific license that corresponds to your business intent. Steps to Obtain a DED License Obtaining your DED trade license in Dubai can be easy if you follow only a few simple steps: identify what you need to update your documents and check them correctly. Every step should be strictly followed so that no minor errors can arise and cause serious delays to the time, expenses, and problems associated with obtaining your business license. Step 1. Choose Your Business Activity Think about what your business will provide. Select activities that align with your aims. This step is extremely important because it will affect your licensing. Step 2. Trade Name Selection Now, popularize the name of your business. Therefore, the name must conform to the Dubai Economic Department (DED) standards. Avoid using confined words and names in any application by someone else. Step 3. Choice of Legal Structure Next would be deciding the formation of the business. The three entities are an LLC, a sole proprietorship, or a partnership; this will govern ownership and legal responsibilities. Step 4. Initial Approval Permit Your Initial Approval must confirm your intention to start. It is given to the Department of Economic Development (DED) and is your last step before further action. Step 5. Rent the Office and Get Ejari In the meantime, rent an office space. To prove that the business is on the Dubai mainland, you will need an Ejari (tenancy contract). Step 6. Submission of Necessary Documents Gather the required documents and submit them next. ID, trade name, tenancy contract, and application form should be included. Go through everything well before submission. Step 7. Payments of License Fees Finally, pay the DED fees. The fees vary by business type. Retain the receipt for reference when renewing. Step 8. Receipt of DED license Once the DED approves your license, it will be handed over to you. You may now legally proceed to start your business. So go ahead with all the steps to avoid delays. Pro Tip: Consulting with business setup experts in Dubai can be beneficial in tackling this. They make things smooth. Documents Required for DED License in UAE The following documents have to be submitted for the DED license application: Passport copies of all partners UAE entry stamp or residence visa No objection letter (NOC) if under their sponsorship Trade name reservation Initial approval certificate Ejari (Tenancy contract) MOA (Memorandum of Association) Some activities may require additional special approvals from other entities, depending on the nature of the business. Top 10 DED Business License Activities There are more than 2,000 DED-licensed activities in Dubai, some of which are common. First, you need to understand your market. Then, choose the right activity, as selecting the wrong one could hinder your growth. The top 10 handpicked options help you make an informed choice and jumpstart your success. 1. General Trading This grant is intended for marketing miscellaneous products. Flexibility is a key feature of this license, which is in high demand, as many companies use it for broad general trade reporting (GTR) purposes. 2. IT Consultancy IT consultancy is best suited for tech-savvy professionals. It encompasses software, networking, and cybersecurity. As demand for technology has been increasing, this activity continues to rise. 3. Marketing and Advertising It handles digital marketing, branding, and media. Thus, this field caters to creative professionals and suits small and large companies. 4. Restaurant & Cafe The food business itself always remains a hot favorite. The license is intended for those opening a cafe, restaurant, or bakery, as people in Dubai often prefer to eat outside. 5. Cleaning Services Cleaning services remain in great demand. These include residential, office, and commercial cleaning. Therefore, they are good for steady demand and simple entry. 6. Real Estate Brokerage This license permits the sale, rental, or lease of properties. Moreover, Dubai is a hub of opportunities in the real estate sector, making it an ideal destination
How to Start a Manufacturing Company in the UAE (2025 Guide)
How to Start a Manufacturing Company in the UAE in 2025: License Types A manufacturing company in UAE, to be built in 2025, is smart. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has become a major industrial hub. It is renowned for its business-friendly policies, excellent geographic location, and low taxes. It is a place where a big factory and a small workshop can grow with equal exposure. Whether you manufacture machines, pack food, or produce chemicals, the UAE offers ample space, support, and facilities to support your operations. Many flourishing manufacturing companies in the UAE take advantage of free trade zones or operate from the mainland. This guide will walk you through the step-by-step procedure for starting your operation. Types of Manufacturing Companies in the UAE Many manufacturing companies in the UAE specialize in various product types and markets. Some of the critical sectors include: 1. Chemical Manufacturing Companies in UAE Chemical manufacturing companies in the UAE manufacture cleaning agents, paints, plastics, and industrial chemicals. These companies are primarily located in special industrial zones to comply with safety and environmental regulations. 2. Food Manufacturing Companies in UAE Food manufacturing companies in the UAE are involved in packaging, processing, and manufacturing food products. As food is imported into the UAE, there is a huge demand for local factories to produce food. Most are located in areas like Dubai Industrial City, utilizing high-tech machinery to make safe and hygienic food. 3. Metal Manufacturing Companies in UAE Metal manufacturing companies in the UAE manufacture tools, pipes, parts, machinery, construction materials, and assemblies. This industry is very vibrant due to the country’s ongoing construction activities. Most metal factories are in Jebel Ali and other industrial areas. 4. General Manufacturing companies in UAE If your manufacturing operation does not fall into any special category requiring a specific manufacturing license in the UAE, consider applying for a general one. It allows you to manufacture certain basic goods, including articles made of leather or textile, paper or cardboard articles, and household items. This is a versatile licensing option for many start-ups. Why Choose the UAE for Manufacturing Business in 2025? The UAE is a wise option for establishing a manufacturing business in 2025. First and foremost, the country gives a strong boost to industries. Additionally, numerous tax and trade advantages are available here. The UAE also provides a connection to global markets. For this reason, many industries are relocating to this area. So, the process is ripe to commence. 1. Strategic location The UAE Trade Centre is situated between Asia, Europe, and Africa. Many ports and airports facilitate shipping, enabling businesses to reach their target markets quickly and achieve cost savings. 2. Tax Break Most free zones in the world guarantee 0% corporate and income tax. That means you can retain a significant portion of the profits. Some regions do not charge customs duties. It further reduces the costs incurred by businesses. 3. Modern Infrastructure The UAE has excellent roads, ports, and power infrastructure. It also provides stable water and energy, allowing factories to operate smoothly. Therefore, many investors will choose the UAE. 4. Skilled Workers You can hire staff from many countries. Additionally, the visa system is easy, making talent immigration simple. Many skilled workers already live here. 5. Free Zones Free zones allow for 100% foreign ownership. They also offer a fast setup, and no local sponsor is needed. Additionally, they provide ready-to-use offices and factory spaces. The government supports industrial growth through the Dubai Industrial Strategy 2030. Types of Manufacturing Licenses in Dubai Every factory in Dubai requires the appropriate license. First, determine the type you need based on your business size and interests, as the license you obtain will impact your setup and location. Therefore, it is crucial to select the correct permit to save time and money. Several licenses are available for various industries. 1. Industrial License Such a license is meant for mega factories and heavy production. It may also apply to businesses producing large quantities of goods. You will, therefore, require government approvals and compliance with safety standards. 2. Free Zone Manufacturing License This license offers 100% foreign ownership and tax benefits, making it an ideal option for export-oriented units. Moreover, it is relatively fast to set up in zones like JAFZA or DMCC. 3. General Manufacturing License in UAE This license suits basic manufacturing needs, making it ideal for small-scale production. It also requires fewer documents, making it accessible to small workshops or local goods producers. 4. SME Manufacturing License This one is for small to medium factories, helping local entrepreneurs with low costs. Some zones even offer specialized benefits to SMEs. 5. Specialised Manufacturing License This is for the pharmaceutical, food, or electronics industries. The rules are stricter here, so additional approvals and lab testing, or certifications may be required. Choosing the ideal depends on your product and location. Steps to Start a Manufacturing Business in Dubai: 2025 Step 1: Conduct Market Research Before starting, conduct research on your market. Ask: Who needs your product? What are others charging? Are there gaps that can be filled? For example, healthy snacks could constrain market entry; relatively few food manufacturing companies in the UAE offer nutritious snacks. Step 2: Choose a Business Structure You can either: Have a mainland company with total access to the UAE market; (or) Have a free-zone company with ownership and tax perks; or) Have an offshore company basically for export and international trade. Step 3: Pick a Good Location Some of the options include: Dubai Industrial City – food, metal, and chemical sectors mostly; Jebel Ali Free Zone (JAFZA) – best suited for factories mainly focused on export and Dubai Silicon Oasis – tech-based manufacturing. Step 4: Register Your Trade Name Your business name should be: Unique A description of your product According to UAE requirements Submit to the DED or the Authority of your zone. Step 5: Obtain Required Licenses Applies to: Manufacturing License (industrial or free zone) Environmental permits from EPDA Health &
How to Start a Transport Company in Dubai (2025 Guide)
Transport Company Formation in Dubai: A Beginner’s Guide Starting a transport company in Dubai is a wise decision in 2025. Why? Dubai is an emerging business hub that rapidly transports people, goods, and services. It also boasts top-tier roads, airports, and seaports, providing everything a transport company could want. If you are considering starting a transport company, this guide is for you. Dubai has several transport companies catering to various needs, including cargo, passenger, and heavy equipment transportation. Whether you’re looking for local deliveries or cross-border trucking, starting a business setup in Dubai is the best. So, here’s what you need to know before you start working with your transport company in Dubai today. Why Transport Business in Dubai? There is more to Dubai than skyscrapers and shopping malls. It is a global trade hub. Dubai is the second home for many companies seeking to expand their businesses. The transportation department is growing yearly, so starting a transportation company in Dubai is a good step. 1. Strategic location Dubai is between Asia, Europe, and Africa. Transport companies save time and money as goods move rapidly from region to region. This city also has the best airports and seaports. 2. Booming economy Dubai’s economy is experiencing growth, with new businesses opening daily. That means transport needs to increase. Logistics involves the delivery, transportation, and movement of cargo and personnel, keeping the demand for services strong. 3. Government support The UAE’s business-friendly environment, characterized by straightforward setup procedures and low taxes, presents a significant advantage for investors. The government’s support paves the way for the growth of transport companies in Dubai, allowing entrepreneurs to establish and expand their businesses without unnecessary hurdles. 4. Growing population Every year, more people reside in Dubai, increasing daily travel. Due to this need, demand is constant; you always require buses, taxis, and delivery vans. 5. Tourism growth Visitors come from around the world, and hotels, malls, and attractions are bustling with activity. Additionally, tourists require buses, vans, and taxis, making bus transport highly in demand in Dubai. The city also invests in smart transportation technology, such as electric buses and self-driving vehicles. This indicates that you’re entering an industry ready for the future. Types of Transport Services in Dubai Dubai is a city of diverse needs. These services, though categorized into public transport, subways, taxis, etc, are many and you can start by: 1. Land Transport Companies in Dubai These companies transport goods from one location to another within the UAE and the GCC region using trucks, vans, and lorries. Some bring construction goods, while others deliver e-commerce packages. 2. Bus Transport Companies in Dubai Buses are used for schools, labour camps, tourism, and corporate shuttles. You can also specialize in VIP or luxury bus rentals. 3. Heavy Transport Companies in Dubai These companies shall operate heavy equipment, including cranes, machinery, and oil apparatus. This sector is tightly regulated and requires specialized licenses. 4. Passenger Transport Companies in Dubai These firms serve individuals and groups. Services include taxis, airport pickups, chauffeur-driven limousines, and group tours. These all fall under the umbrella of a transport company in Dubai, and each has its own licensing and vehicle requirements. How to Get a Transport License in Dubai? You require two types of licenses to run a transport company legally. Commercial License (issued by Dubai Economic Department or Free Zone Authority) Transport License or Operation Card (from the Roads and Transport Authority, RTA) Here’s how to get them: Train on Data up to October 2023 Choose your company structure (LLC, sole proprietor, etc.) A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is prepared and notarized Register a company and get a trade license The DED or Free Zone applies for a commercial license New users must apply for an RTA operation card or approval letter Creating a company name is necessary in every country to register vehicles under the company If you are unsure how to proceed, it is advisable to seek help from business setup consultants in Dubai who are familiar with the steps. How to Start a Transport Company in Dubai Dubai is a rapidly growing market; many businesses require daily transportation assistance, so demand is high. Thus, it makes sense and pays off to get started. Step 1. Choose your transport activity Choose your service — cargo, school buses, or limousines. A specific type requires a special license. First, know your focus. Then, choose what works for your budget and longer-term objectives. Step 2. Pick a location Select between the mainland and a Free Zone. If you’re looking for logistics or, for example, branch offices, Free Zones such as JAFZA or Dubai South are a good option, while the mainland is ideal for companies providing services throughout the city. So, consider your reach first. Step 3. Register your trade name Select a unique company name. Ensure it complies with Dubai’s name laws. Do not use religious or offensive words. Verify name availability with the relevant authorities before submitting your application. Step 4. Get initial approval Get approved by the DED or Free Zone to conduct business activities. You also need name approval. You can continue after it is approved. Thus, this step is something you need to continue. Step 5. Prepare legal documents You must collect and obtain documents such as the Memorandum of Association (MOA), Articles of Association (AOA), passport copies, Visa, and a signed and stamped tenancy contract. This step is crucial for obtaining a license approval. Step 6. Apply for a commercial license Submit the Approval Application to the DED or Free Zone. This License allows your business to operate legally. It’s also mandatory before applying for your transport activity permit. Step 7. Apply for a transport license Apply to the RTA. NOCS and documents are submitted. This would allow you to drive vehicles for profit. So, without it, you’re not able to function legally. Step 8. Buy or lease vehicles Buy or lease vehicles tailored to your business needs. RTA rules apply to trucks, buses,